Adventures in Philosophy MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Select a Category... Ancient Philosophy Medieval Philosophy Modern Philosophy Recent Philosophy American Philosophy Islamic Philosophy Jewish Philosophy Political Philosophy Eastern Philosophy Introduction & Directory
Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy Diagram: Development of Philosophic Thought Diagram: Divisions of Philosophy The Philosophy Resource Center The Religion Resource Center Books about Philosophy in The Radical Academy Bookstore Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore Click Here for New & Used College Textbooks at Discount Prices Click Here for College Education Information & Study Resources Shop Amazon Stores in the Radical Academy Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Classical Music Store Video Store DVD Store Computer Store Camera & Photo Store Computer/Video Games Software Store Musical Instruments Outlet Store Cellular Phones Toys & Games Tools & Hardware Automotive Store Outdoor Living Consumer Electronics Home & Garden Kitchen & Housewares Baby Superstore Apparel & Accessories Gourmet Food Grocery Store Sporting Goods Jewelry & Watches Health & Personal Care Beauty Store		TABLE OF CONTENTS Histories of medieval philosophy tend to start with St. Augustine (354-430), if not earlier, but Augustine was of the late Roman Empire, centuries before the Middle Ages, and is included in such works not because he was a medieval thinker but because he cast such a long shadow across medieval philosophy. For our purposes here, we will go back further than Augustine's time and consider medieval philosophy to begin as ancient Greek philosophy withers into the distance.   Introductory Essay Christianity and Medieval Philosophy An Overview of the Period The Perfecting of Philosophy in Medieval Times The Period of Evangelization Philosophy and Religion - The Evangelization The Period of Patristic Philosophy Pre-Augustinian Philosophy - The Apologists - Justin Martyr The Controversialists - The Didascalion of Alexandria Clement of Alexandria Origen - The Latin Apologists - Tertullian The Great Controversies of the First Half of the Fourth Century St. Augustine The Post-Augustinian Period - Severinus Boethius Expanded Discussion The Philosophy of St. Augustine Essays The Eucharist, by Justin Martyr Exhortation to the Greeks, by Clement of Alexandria The Fire of Hell, by Origen The Parts of the Soul, by Tertullian On The Birthright of Freedom, by Saint Augustine What We Are To Believe, by Saint Augustine Every Man Has His Cross, by Severinus Boethius The Period of Scholastic Philosophy Introduction Flaccus Albinus Alcuin - The Formative Period - John Scotus Erigena Roscelin - St. Anselm - Peter Abelard St. Bernard of Clairvaux - Peter Lombard The Golden Age - Albertus Magnus - St. Bonaventure St. Thomas Aquinas - John Duns Scotus The Period of Decadence Roger Bacon - William of Ockham - Johannes (Master) Eckhart Philosophical and Mystical Knowledge Expanded Essays Background for the Study of Scholastic Philosophy Philosophical and Mystical Knowledge Expanded Discussions The Philosophy of Bonaventure The Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas The Philosophy of John Duns Scotus Advanced Discussion The Philosophical System of Thomas Aquinas, by Maurice de Wulf Essays Dialogue of the Virtues, by Flaccus Albinus Alcuin The Human Mind, by John Scotus Erigena A Teacher's Defense Against His Disciple, by Roscelin No Greater Being by St. Anselm On Sin, by Peter Abelard Some Exclamations, by St. Bernard of Clairvaux Trinity, by Peter Lombard Analogy Between God and Man, by Albertus Magnus On Francis of Assisi, by Saint Bonaventure Whether Human Law Should Be Changed in Any Way, by St. Thomas Aquinas The Cause of Existing: God, by St. Thomas Aquinas Five Arguments for God's Existence, by St. Thomas Aquinas Whether the Intelligible Species are Derived by the Soul from Certain Separate Forms?, by St. Thomas Aquinas How We Know Natural Moral Law, by St. Thomas Aquinas Understanding and Experience, by John Duns Scotus On the Importance of Experience, by Roger Bacon The Individual and the Universal, by William of Ockham Seclusion, by Johannes (Master) Eckhart Unclasified Medieval Philosophers Hunein Ibn Ishak - John of Salisbury Raymond Lully [Raymondus Lullus] - Thomas á Kempis Essays A Philosophical Colloquy, by Hunein Ibn Ishak On Dream Interpretation, by John of Salisbury On Love, by Raymond Lully [Raymondus Lullus] The Thoughts of Death, by Thomas á Kempis Elsewhere On the Internet On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies   Academy Showcase Specials Introduction: Christianity and Medieval Philosophy During the final stages of Greek philosophy, Christianity made its appearance, affirming and diffusing itself in the Hellenic world as the one true religion, revealed by God and announced to men by Jesus Christ, the God-man. Christianity indeed has a great history, to which, directly or indirectly, the entire story of humanity is related. Its value, however, is religious, theological, dogmatic, and not philosophical. Still Christianity and philosophy, though moving on different planes -- the former on the plane of revelation and the latter on that of reason -- cannot be foreign to one another. We know that the supreme purpose of philosophy is to give a solution to the problem of life through the full use of human reason. This solution is present in the content of all those revealed truths which Christianity offers as the object of faith, truths which are made concrete in the dogmas of theism, of creation, of the cause of evil, and of the means by which man can redeem himself from evil and attain happiness. But philosophy, understood as the science which resolves the question of life, is also faced with these same problems, which were confronted and in part resolved by Greek philosophy. It has been the task of Christian thought to return to these problems and to give a solution to them in accordance with the content of dogma. But it was not possible to carry out this work of rational systematization until Christianity had been promulgated as revealed religion and systematized in dogmas. Historically and logically the story of Christian thought is divided into three periods: The Period of Evangelization, which occupies the entire first century of the Christian era, during which Christianity is diffused as revealed religion, hence containing truth within itself and having no need of rational justification. The Patristic Period, which runs from the beginning of the second century through the eighth century. During this period Christianity was forced to defend itself against the errors which threaten it from without (paganism) and from within (heresies), and the Church Fathers worked out the systematization of the dogmas of Christianity. The Scholastic Period, which runs from the ninth to the sixteenth century. Here Christian thought, utilizing Greek speculation, created its own philosophy in harmony with the dogmatic teaching which had been systematized by the Fathers of the Church. The first and second periods have very great value for an understanding of the Christian religion. This fact, however, does not affect this outline-history of philosophy, which has as its purpose the recounting of the history of thought. Therefore the exposition of these periods will be brief and will have in view the end of placing in relief only those phases which tend to give a solution to the problem of life which is within the scope of philosophy. Scholasticism, on the other hand, which is the philosophical explanation of Christian thought and one of the most important syntheses in the history of philosophy, will be expounded in its greatest representatives with a fullness consonant with the limits of this outline-history. 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