I believe in the practical efficacy of the
intellect; I believe, that is to say, that what you
think affects and may determine what you do. It
follows that facts are not "hard," since they can
be affected by thinking about them. If you change
men's moral and political ideas, you can, I hold,
thereby change society; if you change their ideas
about what is worth while, you can change their
mode of living. It seems to me to be nonsense to
suggest that the ideas which lay behind the French
Revolution played no part in determining its
outbreak or guiding its course, or that the ideas
of Christ or Mahomet about how men should live have
played no part in changing their modes of living.
In no sphere, perhaps, does the student find more
impressive verification of the power of the idea
not only to persist but in the end to prevail than
in victory which the claim to think freely gained
over dogmatic religion. To trace the slow history
of French free thought from the new springs of
Renaissance discovery through Rabelais and
Montaigne, thence to the Libertins and Bayle and
from them to its full flowering in Holbach and
Diderot and Voltaire, is to realize the power over
men's minds of ideas that are rooted in objective
fact. (Yet the phrase "rooted in objective fact"
is, I think, merely a periphrasis for the word
"true.") On the one side was all that authority
could muster to suppress and destroy with the
weapons of exile, imprisonment, torture and death;
on the other, there was only the power of the idea.
Yet in the last resort the idea prevailed, though
only for a time, for the victories of the mind and
spirit have to be won afresh in every age.
Nor are the changes which thought brings about
negligible; on occasion they have profoundly
affected man's way of living, and affected it for
the better; indeed, it is the hope of bettering
man's life and his societies that has inspired
almost every system of philosophy, which has
concerned itself with human conduct and
institutions. Most of us are at some time or other
impelled, even if the impulse is brief, to take a
hand in solving the problems of our society, and
most of us know in our hearts that it is our
business to try to leave the world a little better
than we found it.
"There are no phenomena," says Herbert Spencer,
"which a society presents but what have their
origins in the phenomena of individual human life."
This, I think, is true. To change men's lives is to
change society, and to change their minds is to
change their lives. Now, it is by ideas that men's
minds are changed.