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Glossary of Philosophical Terms |
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Select Page: A to B -- C to D -- E to H -- I to L -- M to O -- P to Q -- R -- S to Z Select Letter: - I - | - J - | - K - | -L -
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I Idea. The intellectual image or representation of a thing. Synonyms: Concept, notion. Idealism. In general, the doctrine which holds that the being of things is conditioned by their being known; consciousness is constitutive of its objects; the being of sensible things is simply their being sensed, and their true characters are their sensed characters; the world we know is the world of our perceptual content; the mind cannot transcend its own internal, conscious states. Idealism, Absolute. The doctrine that the relatively of knowledge implies the subjectivity of the objects of knowledge, so that the universe and everything in it are merely states of the thinker's mind; the real and the the ideal, thought and thing, nature and spirit, object and subject, world and mind, are ultimately identified in the infinite and absolute Ego. Idealism, Cosmothetical. The doctrine which holds that the external world exists, but that we have no immediate knowledge of it. Idealism, Dialectical. See Idealism, Logical. Idealism, Epistemological. The doctrine which holds that the external world has no existence independent of consciousness, but exists as an object of possible experience, as the content of universal experience, or as the content of a knowing mind, as something immanent to consciousness. Idealism, Logical. The doctrine which holds that reality is constituted of logical ideas (logical entities), so that we have direct knowledge of reality in the ideas of logical thought. Idealism, Metaphysical. The doctrine which holds that the real is identical with idea and mind, and the objects are modifications and evolutionary modes of the one, self-existent, absolute consciousness. Idealism, Objective. The doctrine which holds that the relation between the subject and the object of thought is one of absolute identity, supposing that all things exist in the absolute reason and that the laws of physics are the same as those of mental representations. Idealism, Psychological. The doctrine which holds that the physical object is essentially idea, in the sense of being simply a part of consciousness, a content of conscious life which depends upon consciousness for its existence or at least upon the conscious relation to some subject. Idealism, Subjective. The doctrine which holds that the universal subject or Ego (not the Ego of the individual person) is the source of the object, the external world, or non-Ego. Idealism, Transcendental. The doctrine that the mind imposes its own a priori forms of synthesis upon the unorganized and unrelated impressions which it receives from an unknown and unknowable thing-in-itself, or noumenon, so that the entire content of perception and thought consists of subjective phenomena. Ideal-Realism. A metaphysical doctrine which combines the principles of idealism and realism. Identical Ideas. Those ideas whose comprehension is the same. Identity. A sameness between concepts or things. Identity, Accidental Logical. The logical identity of things based upon the similarity of their accidents. Identity, Essential Logical. The logical identity of things based upon the similarity of their essence. Identity, Logical. The unity (oneness) of things based upon the same concept of the mind. Identity, Metaphysical. The real identity of a being, in virtue of which it can absolutely not change in any manner. Identity, Moral. The real identity of a being, in virtue of which the change which takes place in its essential being is successive and gradual. Identity, Physical. The real identity of a being, in virtue of which it does not change in its essential reality. Identity, Principle of. Whatever is, is; and whatever is not, is not. Everything is what it is. Everything is its own being. Being is being, and not-being is not-being. Identity, Real. The unity (oneness) of things in themselves. Ideogeny. The formation or genesis of ideas. Ideology. Any system of thought/beliefs which provides the basis for political or social action. It is a conceptual scheme with a practical application. Also, the ideas, doctrines, or way of thinking characteristic of a political or economic theory or system. In recent times, this term is sometimes used to refer to philosophical doctrines or systems as well. Ignoratio Elenchi. A fallacy in which one either proves what is not in question to be proved, or does not prove what is supposed to be proved, or disproves what has not been asserted. Ignoring the Issue, Fallacy of. Same as Ignoratio Elenchi. Illicit Major. An illicit argumentation in which the major term of a syllogism is taken wider in the conclusion than in the premise. Illicit Minor. An illicit argumentation in which the minor term of a syllogism is taken wider in the conclusion than in the premise. Illicit Process. An illicit argumentation in which either the major or the minor term is given wider meaning in the conclusion than in the premises. Image, Expressed Intelligible. The essential elements of a thing, abstracted from the phantasm by the agent intellect, gathered together by the potential intellect into a definition or abstract representation; the "idea" or "concept" of a thing. Image, Expressed Sensible. The completed sensory cognitional image representing the sensed thing in the sentient subject; phantasm, formed by the synthetic sense. Image, Impressed Intelligible. The cognitional image of a thing, abstracted from the phantasm by the agent intellect, which is the vital determination of the intellect to the act of understanding, to the intellectual perception of the quiddity of the thing represented in the phantasm. Image, Impressed Sensible. In the genesis of ideas, the sensation arousing the synthetic sense into action by its presence; the rudimentary cognitional image of the sensations. Imagination. The power to form mental images or phantasms of perceived objects, together with the ability to reproduce these images or phantasms even in the absence of the perceived objects. Imaginism. An idealistic doctrine which holds that the world-principle resembles the imagining with which we humans are directly acquainted, and this cosmic imagining is a conscious infinite activity and the creative force of all reality. Immaterialism. The doctrine which denies or doubts the existence of material reality, admitting nothing but the reality of immaterial or spiritual things; that particular form of skepticism which admits the certitude of intellectual knowledge only, doubting or denying the validity of experiential knowledge; acosmism. Immediate Inference. The method of concluding from the truth or falsity of one statement to the truth or falsity of another statement without the aid of another judgment. Immediate Universal. See Direct universal. Immortality. Endless duration of life. Implication. See Comprehension. Incapacity. An existing faculty in a weakened or unfit condition. Incompatible Ideas. Ideas in which the comprehension of one idea excludes the attributes of the other. Incomplex Terms. Simple terms. Inconceivability. In epistemology, the inconceivability of the contradictory judgment is considered by some philosophers to be the ultimate criterion of truth. Indisposition. A relatively transient quality which disposes a being temporarily ill. Individuality. That state of an existing being in virtue of which it is one and non-multipliable. Individuality, Unity of. The unity of a being which is one in itself and non-multipliable. Individuation, Absolute, Principle of. That intrinsic principle which gives the unity of individuality to an existing being. Individuation, Principle of. The principle which makes an existing being to be an individual, so that its nature or essence is incommunicable to others and is restricted to this one. Individuation, Relative, Principle of. The principle which determines the possibility of having a number of individuals of the same species. Induction. The process of reasoning in which one concludes from the individual cases to the existence of general laws or principles. Inference. A reasoning process in which, from truths known, we conclude to a truth previously unknown. Instrumentalism. The doctrine which holds that ideas are instruments of action and that their usefulness determines their truth. Intellect, Agent. The power or capability which actively modifies itself so as to represent within itself in an abstract manner what is concretely represented in the phantasm. Intellect, Potential. The power or capacity to express the essence of the represented thing in an "idea" or "concept." Intellection. Rational cognition. Intension. See Comprehension. Intent. See Comprehension. Intuitive Ideas. Ideas which are formed as the result of direct perception of things. Synonym: Immediate Ideas. Inversion. A method of eduction in which the mind, by means of obversion and conversion, finally arrives at a judgment in which the subject is the contradictory of the original subject.
J Judgment. An act of the mind pronouncing the agreement or disagreement of ideas among themselves.
K Knowledge. The act by which one being may unite itself with another being from which it is materially or existentially distinct.
L Law. The rational ordering of means to the common good of a community. Libertarianism. In the problem of free will, the doctrine that the will, no matter what the strength of the conflicting motives or the nature of the antecedent external and internal conditions may be, is not determined to act by necessity. Life. Immanent action. Logic. The science of those principles, laws, and methods which the mind of man in its thinking must follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth. Logical Division. The resolving of a universal idea into the members which constitute its extension. Logical Opposition. The relation which exists between propositions having the same subject and the same predicate, but differing in quality or quantity or both. Logical Universal. A universal idea which expresses a nature common to many, precisely in so far as it is applicable to many. Synonyms: Reflex universal, universal of second intention. |
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