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Select Page: A to B -- C to D -- E to H -- I to L -- M to O -- P to Q -- R -- S to Z Select Letter: - M - | - N - | - O -
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M Manicheism. A theory, originating with Manes, which maintained that God is the supreme Principle of Good and matter the supreme Principle of Evil. Materialism. A naturalistic form of philosophy which finds the ultimate solution of all phenomena, physical and psychical, in the nature and activity of universal matter or force. Material Supposition. The use of a word merely as a word, without regard to its inherent meaning. Matter. See Cause, Material. Matter, Primary (Prime). An incomplete corporeal substance, undetermined but determinable, capable of receiving any kind of substantial form. Mechanism. The theory which maintains that the ultimate constituent particles of matter are homogeneous in character, actuated by purely mechanical forces which produce only local movement. Median. The middle quantity or item in a series arranged according to magnitude. Mediate Ideas. See Abstractive idea. Mediate Inference. The process by which, from certain truths already known, the mind passes to another truth distinct from these but necessarily following from them. Memory. The power to recall past objects and states of consciousness and recognize them as having been present in former experiences. Metaphysical Universal. See Direct universal. Metaphysics. The science of the ultimate principles and properties of real beings. Method. The proper arrangement of mental processes in the discovery and proof of truth. Mind. In epistemology, the conscious knowing subject or the conscious knowing part of the subject. Modal Proposition. A composite single sentence in which the copula is so modified as to express the manner (mode) in which the predicate belongs to the subject. Mode. The quantity or item which appears with greatest frequency in a group. Monadism. The Leibnitzian doctrine which holds that the ultimate individual beings are monads; they are partly material and partly immaterial, possess innate power of representation, have no means of cognitional intercommunication, and obtain knowledge corresponding to reality through a divinely pre-established harmony. Monism. The doctrine which seeks to deduce all the varied phenomena of both the physical and spiritual worlds from a single principle which is in a continuous state of evolution; specifically, the metaphysical doctrine which holds that there is but one substance, either mind (idealism), or matter (materialism), or a neutral substance that is neither mind nor matter but is the substantial ground of both; opposed to dualism and pluralism. Monism, Epistemological. The doctrine which holds that the content or datum of perception is identical with the reality or object known thereby; that the attributes of the percept as experienced and all its relations, except that of being experienced, are identical with the entities composing the physical world; there is no dualism of things and ideas, but only the class of things. Moods (Modes) , Syllogistic. The arrangement of the premises according to quantity (universality or particularity) and quality (affirmation or negation). Motion, Local. The transition of a thing from one place to another. Motive of Certitude. The ground or reason which determines us to assent with firmness to a judgment as true without fear of its contradictory being true. Motus. Any activity involving the transition from potency to act in a corporeal being through successive stages, i.e., a successive change in a body. The act of a being in potency while still in potency. Movement. See Motus. Multiple Categoricals. Propositions which contain two or more categorical sentences in their very construction.
N Naturalism. The theory of Aristotle, the scholastics, and contextual realism that beings possess a "nature," in virtue of which they are specifically distinct substances with specific properties and activities. Naturalism, Scientific. The doctrine that scientific knowledge of physical objects is the final and only legitimate form of knowledge. Natural Law. The universal pattern of action required by human nature in general (not in the concrete) for its completion or perfection. Nature. The essence of a being considered as the ultimate principle of its operations. Necessary Propositions. See Analytic proposition. Negative Terms. Terms which signify the absence of a thing. Neo-Hegelianism. See Neo-Idealism. Neo-Idealism. A more recent form of Absolute Idealism, characterized by an approach to the problem of knowledge through experience rather than by means of aprioristic speculations; neo-hegelianism. Neo-Psychologism. A more recent form of psychological idealism, characterized by a closer union between empirical science and psychology. Neo-Realism. The doctrine which holds that there are existent objects not conditioned by perception or cognition; all the attributes of the percept as experienced and all its relations, except that of being experienced, independently characterize such objects; pan-objectivism. Neo-Scholasticism. The system of philosophy which in the main follows the principles and tenets of scholasticism, but adapts it to modern problems. Nominal Definition. An explanation of what a word means. Nominalism. The doctrine which holds that there are neither universal objects outside the mind nor universal ideas in the mind. Non-Ego. Not-self; the whole world, distinct from man's body and mind and outside his person, as something other-than-self. Nothing. The absence of being. Nothing, Absolute. The total absence of being in every conceivable form. Nothing, Negative. The mere absence of some kind of being in a thing. Nothing, Privative. The absence of some kind of being in a thing that is fit to have it and normally ought to have it. Nothing, Relative. The absence of a definite kind of being. Notion. See Idea. Noumenon. The unknowable reality or thing-in-itself which is postulated as the basis, ground, or cause of the phenomenon.
O Object. In epistemology, the thing known. Objectivism. The doctrine that things are, when not experienced by us, just what they seem when experienced by us. Observation. The close scrutiny and examination of natural occurrences. Obversion. A process of eduction in which the inferred judgment, while retaining the original subject, has for its predicate the contradictory of the original predicate. Synonym: Equipollence. Occasion. A circumstance or combination of circumstances which affords an opportunity for an efficient cause to act. Oneness. That attribute of a being in virtue of which it is undivided in itself (and divided from every other being). Ontologism. The doctrine which holds that man's mind derives all its knowledge through a direct, immediate intuition of God's ideas or of absolute Being. Ontology. The science of being in its most general aspects. Opposition, Logical. See Logical opposition. Overtly Multiple Categoricals. Categorical propositions which are plainly composed of two or more sentences. |
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