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Glossary of Philosophical Terms |
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Select Page: A to B -- C to D -- E to H -- I to L -- M to O -- P to Q -- R -- S to Z Select Letter: - R -
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R Rationalism. The method of proving propositions by appealing to abstract and universal principles. Reaction (Passion). The reception of an action on the part of the recipient. Real Definition. A statement explaining what a thing is in itself. Real Division. The resolution of a thing into the natural parts which it has independent of the mind. Real Supposition. The use of a term for a thing in its natural being or existence. Real Universal. See Direct universal. Realism. In general, the doctrine which holds that objects have an existence independent of their being known so that their relation to the subject in knowledge is only an external, not an internal or immanent, relation. Realism, Aristotelian. The doctrine which holds that man does not infer the existence of external objects from representative images or "ideas" in consciousness, but perceives them directly in some form through a presentation of the objects themselves in sense-perception. Realism, Cosmothetical. See Realism, Representative. Realism, Critical. The doctrine which holds that we know physical objects by means of, and in terms of, logical ideas, but that it is the external object which we know and to which this complex act of cognition is directed; wheat we perceive is existentially identical with the independent reality, but it has, when being perceived, certain qualities -- notably the sense qualities -- which it does not possess when not perceived. Realism, Critical Presentative. That form of presentative realism which holds that some qualities of objects are real and as such are perceived immediately, while others are not actually and formally, but only potentially and causally, present in the objects; these latter have no formal existence independent of the perceiving subject. Also called moderate presentative realism. Realism, Epistemological. The theory that the real object has an existence independent of the experient's perception and thought. Realism, Hypothetical. See Realism, Representative. Realism, Immediate. See Realism, Presentative. Realism, Inferential. See Realism, Representative. Realism, Intuitive. See Realism, Presentative. Realism, Mediate. See Realism, Representative. Realism, Moderate. In the problem of the universals, it is the doctrine which holds that there are no universal realities outside the mind, but we have universal ideas in the mind, and there is a foundation in the things themselves for these universal ideas; universals are formally in the mind, but fundamentally in the things. Realism, Moderate Presentative. See Realism, Critical Presentative. Realism, Naive Presentative. See Realism, Rigid Presentative. Realism, Natural. See Realism, Presentative. Realism, New. See Neo-Realism. Realism, Objective Representative. That form of representative realism which holds that our "representations" or "ideas" resemble the external objects. Realism, Presentative. The doctrine which holds that physical, external objects are presented directly in some form to consciousness in sense-perception, so that their reality is perceived as it exists "out there" in nature. Also called immediate, intuitive, natural realism or perceptionism. Realism, Representative. The doctrine which holds that the human mind is immediately aware, not of the external objects themselves, but of its own internal "representations" or "ideas" only, from which it then infers the external, non-Ego reality as their cause. Also called mediate, hypothetical, cosmothetical, inferential realism. Realism, Rigid Presentative. That form of presentative realism which holds that the things perceived are actually so in nature as they appear to the senses. Also called naive presentative realism. Realism, Subjective Representative. That form of representative realism which holds that our "representations" or "ideas" do not resemble the external objects. Realism, Transfigured. The doctrine which holds that the reality underlying appearances is totally and forever inconceivable to us; we know only appearances (phenomena) of reality and in them reality is transfigured or altered to such an extent that there is no resemblance between reality and the perceptual knowledge we have of it. Reason. The power of the mind which perceives the truth and validity of derived ideas, judgments, and principles on the basis of indirect and mediate evidence. Reasoning. See Mediate inference. Reduplicative Proposition. A proposition which contains an expression which duplicates the subject or predicate and implies the reason or cause for the connection between subject and predicate. Reflex Universal. See Logical universal. Relation. It is the bearing (reference, respect, attitude, ordination) of one thing to something else. Relation, Accidental (Categorical, Predicamental). A relation based on an accident as its foundation. Relation, Categorical. See Relation, Accidental. Relation, Essential (Transcendental). A relation in which the very essence of one thing has a bearing toward something. Relation, Extremes of. The subject and term of a relation. Relation, Foundation of. The reason why one thing is related to another. Relation, Logical. A relation made solely by the mind and placed by the mind between entities. Relation, Mutual. A relation whose foundation is real or logical in both extremes. Relation, Mutual, Asymmetrical. A relation in which the foundation in both extremes is of a different nature or degree. Relation, Mutual, Symmetrical. A relation in which the foundation in both extremes is of the same nature and degree. Relation, Non-Mutual. A relation whose foundation is real or logical in one of the extremes only. Relation, Predicamental. See Relation, Accidental. Relation, Real. A relation which exists between things, independent of the mind and its thinking. Relation, Transcendental. See Relation, Essential. Relative Ideas. Two incompatible ideas united in such a way that the one cannot be understood without the other. Relative Proposition. A proposition expressing a relationship of time or place between two statements. Relativism. In epistemology, he doctrine that every known object is relative (in relation) to the knowing subject and as such is dependent in its being upon the knowing subject and incapable of existing apart from consciousness; the doctrine of the immanence of relations as constitutive of their being. Relativism, Objective. In epistemology, the doctrine that the existence and character of experienced data depend upon the occurrence of percipient events and therefore upon the nature and situation of the experiencing organism as their essential and proximately determining factor; that the object known possesses the character exhibited by the datum only "in relation to" this given organism; and that the perceptual content is "objectively" present in nature precisely as experienced in perception and cognition, according to the relative standpoint of the individual perceiver. Representationalism. See Realism, Representative. |
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