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Philosophy
(1508-11)
Raphael
(1483-1520)
Fresco; Vaticano, Stanza della Segnatura Ceiling,
Rome

This painting by Raphael is found on the ceiling
of the Stanza Della Segnatura in Rome where it is
one of four roundels the others being Theology,
Justice, and Poetry. In this depiction Philosophy
holds books inscribed "MORALIS" and "NATURALIS"
respectively and is seated on the throne of the
many-breasted Diana of Ephesus who is twice
represented. The putti to her left and right hold
scrolls with the words "CAVSARVM" and
"COGNITIO".
Raffaello Santi, known as Raphael, or Raphael of
Urbino, was born in Urbino on Good Friday 6 April
1483, the son of Magia di Battista di Nicola Ciarla
and Giovanni Santi di Pietro, and a leading figure
of the High Renaissance. He is thought to have
studied under Perugino, and was deeply influenced
by the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
during a trip to Florence about 1504. By the age of
twenty-five, his reputation was such that he was
summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II, where he pained
the School of Athens fresco about 1509. He spent
the rest of his career in Rome, where he enjoyed
great success. His fully human portrayals of the
Madonna and Holy Family are imbued with a deep
religious feeling as he combined Christian ideals
with the grace and grandeur of classical antiquity.
Raphael died on his 37th birthday. His funeral mass
was celebrated at the Vatican, his Transfiguration
was placed at the head of the bier, and his body
was buried in the Pantheon in Rome.
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